A cellular, energy-generating process which requires oxygen to function. 

A cellular, energy-generating process which functions in absence of oxygen.

The section of a long bone where the shaft (diaphysis) becomes wider towards the end of the bone (epiphysis). In development, this area contains the growth plate where new bone is formed to increase the length of the bone.

A organism not visible to the naked eye that consists either of a single cell, cell clusters or no cells at all (viruses). Pathogenic micro-organisms are bacteria, viruses and fungi that cause disease.

The middle bone in the pastern of the horse, forming the proximal interphalangeal joint(pastern joint) with the proximal phalanx (long pastern bone) and distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint) with the distal phalanx (coffin bone) and the navicular bone. The superficial digital flexor tendoninserts on the proximalextremity on the palmar/plantar aspect of the bone.

An imperial measurement of distance. Equivalent to 1'609.344 metres.

Members of this genus where slightly larger than Mesohippus (around 50 kg) and had a longer skull and limbs. They lived in what is now North America, alongside Mesohippus before the latter became extinct.
Its lateral toes were reduced even further and they probably only touched the ground during fast running or when moving on soft ground. Miohippus was the first Equid to have the typical ridges on their molars which we can see in modern horses and which facilitated grinding coarse plant based diets.
Up until now, only one or two Equid genera were present at a time. Miohippus was the origin for the first larger diversification of horse species and it gave rise to at least three genera with many different species, some living in the forests, some on the open plains.

Incorrect insertion (misdirection) of a nail. This can lead to nail prick, which involves direct penetration of a sensitive structure by a nail, or nail bind in which the nail is too close to a sensitive structure and exerts indirect pressure on it, thereby causing pain.

A lameness in which an impairment is visible both in the supporting and the swinging phase of a limb's stride cycle.

A group of organsims which include all the descendants of the closest common ancestor of the members of the group.