An anatomical directional term used only on the head meaning closer to the lips.

A fluid for intravenous infusion that contains Ringers solution and lactate.

The section of dermis that covers the dorsal wall of the coffin bone (distal phalanx) and provides the vascular support for the stratum internum of the hoof wall. The dermis is covered in hundreds of lamellae, running in proximo-distal direction down the dorsal wall of the coffin bone. At the distal end of the lamellae, there are several papillae, known as terminal papillae, it is from these papillae that the white line is secreted.

The lamellar dermis is an important component of the suspensory apparatus of the hoof.

Morphological appearance of the horn in inner most layer of the horn capsule: the stratum lamellatum. It describes the presence of the lamella that are typical of this segment of the horn capsule.

An impairment of the normal cycle of movement of one or several limbs. The cause of this impairment may be  mechanical dysfunction, pain or paresis. Depending on the stage of the cycle in which the impairment is visible one differentiates between a supporting limb lameness, a swinging limb lameness and a mixed lameness. 

The appearance of a hoof with chroniclaminitis has several typical distinguishing features. Due to the disruption of the connection between the hoof wall and the lamellar dermis, the hoof wall is no longer parallel to the dorsal surface of the coffin bone. Due to the vascular changes in the coronary and lamellar dermis, horn growth in the dorsalhoof region is usually reduced; the heel grows faster resulting in growth rings that diverge towards the heel. These factors combine to give the hoof a pronounced flare at the toe and a typical radiological appearance.

Laminitis is multi-factorial disease that causes a generalised inflammation of the dermis of the hoof which then may lead to severe structural disruption of the dermal lamella and cause breakdown of the dermal-epidermal junction (the dermal/sensitive lamella separate from the horny/insensitive lamella). This leads to a breakdown of the suspensory apparatus of the coffin bone (distal phalanx), which then causes the bone to change its position within the hoof capsule (rotation/sinking). These inflammatory and structural changes are often associated with a considerable amount of pain and result in high grade lameness.

As the disease is frequently due to systemic factors such as carbohydrate overload or disease associated endotoxemia, all 4 feet may be affected simultaneously.

The moment where the hoof makes contact with the ground at the end of the swing phase representing the beginning of the stance phase. Most horses land flat (all parts of the hoof simultaneously) or fractionally heel first. 

Instead of landing flat, the heels are the first part of the hoof to make contact with the ground. Is frequently observed associated with pain in the toe region of the hoof (e.g. laminitis).

Footfall or landing occurs when a hoof makes contact with the ground at the end of the swing phase. It marks the beginning of stance phase. Level footfall occurs when all parts of a the bearing surface of the hoofcontact the ground simultaneously.