A saddle joint between the distal phalanx (coffin bone) and the middle phalanx (short pastern bone).

The most distal of the phalanges, located within the hoof capsule (hence the name 'coffin' bone). As it is in the horse's foot, the term pedal bone is also used interchangeably. A further term for the same bone is 'P3', relating to its position as the third phalanx.

The bone is irregularly shaped with a convexdorsal (parietal) surface, a concavesolar surface and an articular surface where it forms a joint with the middle phalanx (short pastern bone).

The ligament between the navicular bone and the distal phalanx (coffin bone). In contrast to most ligaments which exist in pairs (one on the medial and one on the lateral side of the limb), there is only one of these ligaments in each limb, hence its common name 'impar' ligament. 

The ligament between the navicular bone and the distal phalanx (coffin bone).

Going in a different direction or departing from a set course.

The dock refers to the body of the tail as a whole, including the vertebrae, the skin and the hair follicles. The base of the tail refers to its point of attachment to the body.

Domestication is the process whereby a population of animals or plants, through a process of artificial selection, is changed at the genetic level, accentuating traits desired by humans. The process of artificial selection is the equivalent of natural selection with the specific traits of animals used for breeding selected for desirability rather than survival (e.g. speed in racehorses or muscle mass in beef cattle).

Species of the Equus genus that include the domestic donkey (Equus africanus), which is a direct descendant of the African wild ass. The donkey is the original beast of burden and is still used as a working animal in large parts of the world. There are over 180 different breeds of donkey, most of which are threatened by extinction (as are most of their wild couterparts).

The use of performance enhancing drugs or methods with the aim of improving athletic performance. Doping can be harmful to an individuals health and its use, particularly in animals, violates the ethical principles of fair competition and animal welfare.

An anatomical term meaning towards the upper plane