A bit-less bridle system to control the horse. The noseband, chinstrap and headpiece of the bridle are all attached to long metal shanks with the reins attached to the bottom of the shanks. The shanks act as levers and by tightening the reins, pressure is applied to the horse's nose, chin and poll. It can be used on horses which do not tolerate a bit in their mouth. Sometimes hackamore systems are used in conjunction with a bit (with two sets of reins).

The presence of blood in the joint cavity.

Originating from or carried by the blood.

The seeping of blood out of a vessel into surrounding tissue leading to a swelling caused by clotted blood. The bleeding is usually due to a blunt trauma (contusion). If it is in subcutaneous tissue, it may be visible as a discoloured swollen area (bruise). Haematomas can also form within body cavities after damage to internal vessels (e.g. into the wall of the uterus after a difficult birth).

A medical term for bleeding. The loss of blood may be external (visible bleeding) or internal. Internal bleeding is not immediatly obvious, and can lead to shock symptoms - pale mucous membranes, racing pulse and eventually loss of conciousness. 

An anvil bottom or hardy tool that has a semi-circular cutting edge and is used to cut the heels of a hot shoe. The heated end of the shoe is placed on the tool and struck down onto the sharp edge with a soft faced hammer (copperhammer).