Softening and ablation (peeling) of cells of the horny layer of the skin or the destruction of horn in the hoof through bacterial or fungal infection. Examples include white line disease and thrush.

The death of a cell through damage or destruction of the outer cell membrane.

Paralysis of the radial nerve leads to a loss of function of the muscles involved in forelimbextension (protraction). See also 'radial paralysis stance'.

A typical stance seen in horses with a partial or complete paralysis of the radial nerve. The radial nerve innervates the extensor muscles of the forelimb, so in case of paralysis, the elbow is dropped, the carpus and the fetlock are flexed with the tip of the hoof or the dorsal hoof wall resting on the ground. In most cases, if the limb is manually placed in the correct position, the horse can bear weight.

Rhabdomyolysis, also known as tying-up, azoturia or monday morning disease is a serious disorder of muscular tissue. It results from a breakdown of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream. This can lead to complications such as kidney failure.

It is caused by muscle cells working without oxygen (anaerobically) and building up excessive amounts of 'waste' products such as lactic acid, that can damage the cells and lead to their disintegration. The lack of oxygen supply to the muscles is either due to an inadequate blood supply or to great exertion. Many other predisposing and trigger factors are thought to be involved in this complex disorder, including genetic factors, nutritional factors (excessive carbohydrates, electrolyte imbalance), hormonal imbalances, lack of fitness, environmental conditions (cold, wet weather), etc.